Investigating the Destructive Effect of Explosions at Different Distances on Concrete Retaining Walls

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Authors

Abstract

Concrete retaining walls gratitude to their significant-high mass are considered a protective barrier and explosion resistance. The fabricated walls generally made of reinforced or fiber-reinforced concrete. This study deals with investigating the destructive effects of the explosion on retaining walls made of reinforced and fiber-reinforced concrete. For this purpose, the intended wall simulated by Abaqus software with various blast loads at different distances. Then, to investigate the damage caused by the explosion, the explosives were modeled in three positions attached to the wall, at a distance of one meter and at a distance of ten meters from the wall, perpendicular to the highest midpoint of the structure and the junction of wall and ground.The modeling results showed that the explosion at the connection of the wall to the ground has more destructive effects than the detonation at the highest point of the wall. The failure load of the reinforced concrete wall and fiber-reinforced concrete at the junction of the wall to the ground equals 5 kg C4 and 10 kg TNT and 15 kg C4 and 15 kg TNT at attached and distance of one meter from the wall respectively. The failure load was equal to 60 kg C4 and 70 kg TNT and 90 kg C4 and 100 kg TNT for reinforced concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete wall respectively at a distance of 10 meters from the wall and at the junction of the wall to the ground. Also, the explosion at the position attached to the wall and one meter from the wall showed local effects on the wall and occasion local damage. However, the explosion at a distance of ten meters did not act locally due to the large distance of the explosion from the wall, and more explosives are needed to destroy the wall at this distance.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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[2]     Mays, G. C.; Hetherington, J. G.; Rose, T. A. “Response to Blast Loading of Concrete Wall Panels With Openings”; J. Struct. Eng. 1999, 125, 1448–1450.##
[3]     Lok, T. S.; Xiao, J. R. “Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Panels Exposed to Air Blast Loading”; Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Build. 1999, 134, 319–331.##
[4]     Mosalam, K. M.; Mosallam, A. S. “Nonlinear Transient Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Subjected to Blast Loading and Retrofitted With CFRP Composites”; Compos. Part B Eng. 2001, 32, 623–636.##
[5]     Li, J.; Wu, C.; Hao, H. “Investigation of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Slab and Normal Strength Concrete Slab Under Contact Explosion”; Eng. Struct. 2015, 102, 395–408.##
[6]     Wang, W.; Zhang, D.; Lu, F.; Wang, S. C.; Tang, F. “Experimental Study on Scaling the Explosion Resistance of a One-Way Square Reinforced Concrete Slab Under Close-in Blast Loading”; Int. J. Impact Eng. 2012, 49, 158–164.##
[7]     Wu, C.; Oehlers, D. J.; Rebentrost, M.; Leach, J.; Whittaker, A. S. “Blast Testing of Ultra-High Performance Fibre and FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Slabs”; Eng. Struct. 2009, 31, 2060–2069.##
[8]     De Silva, R. V.; Pathegama Gamage, R.; Perera, A.; Samintha, M. “An Alternative to Conventional Rock Fragmentation Methods Using SCDA: A Review”; Energies. 2016, 9, 958-989.##
[9]     Luccioni, B. M.; Luege, M. “Concrete Pavement Slab Under Blast Loads”; Int. J. Impact Eng. 2006, 32, 1248–1266.##
[10]  Kamgar, R.; Shams, G. R. “Effect of Blast Load in Nonlinear Dynamic Response of the Buckling Restrained Braces Core”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol. 2019, 9, 107–118 (In Persian).##
[11]  Lezgi, L. M.; Izadifard R. “Evaluation of Nonlinear Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames Designed According to Earthquake Codes and Subjected to Blast Loading”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol. 2017, 8, 201–212 (In Persian).##
[12]  Kamgar, R.; Majidi, N.; Heidarzadeh, H. “Optimum Layout of Mega Buckling-Restrained Braces to Optimize the Behavior of Tall Buildings Subjected to Blast Load”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol. 2020, 11, pp. 211–230 (In Persian).##
[13]  Tavakoli, R.; Kamgar, R.; Rahgozar, R. “The Best Location of Belt Truss System in Tall Buildings Using Multiple Criteria Subjected to Blast Loading,”; Civ. Eng. J. 2018, 4, 1338–1353.##
[14]  Sadrnejad, S. A.; Ziaei, M. “Behavior of Beam-Column Bolted End-Plate Connections Under Blast,”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol. 2013, 4, 93–101(In Persian).##
[15]  Wang, W.; Zhang, D.; Lu, F.; Wang, S.; Tang, F. “Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of the Damage Mode of  Square Reinforced Concrete Slab Under Close-in Explosion”; Eng. Fail. Anal. 2013, 27, 41–51.##
[16]  Jain, S.; Tiwari, R.; Chakraborty, T.; Matsagar, V. “Dynamic Response of Reinforced Concrete Wall Under Blast Loading”; Indian Concr. J. 2015, 89, 27–41.##
[17]  Tavakoli, R.; Kamgar, R.; Rahgozar, R.; “Seismic Performance of Outrigger-Belt Truss System Considering Soil-Structure Interaction,”; Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng. 2019, 11, 45–54.##
[18]  Kamgar, R.; Khatibinia, M.; “Optimization Criteria for Design of Tuned Mass Dampers Including Soil-structure Interaction Effect”;Int. J. Optim. Civil Eng. 2019, 9, 213–232.##
[19]  Kamgar, R.; Gholami, F.; Sanayei, H. R. Z.; Heidarzadeh, H.; “Modified Tuned Liquid Dampers for Seismic Protection of Buildings Considering Soil-Structure Interaction Effects”; Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 2020, 44, 339–354.##
[20]  Heidarzadeh, H.; Kamgar, R.; “Evaluation of the Importance of Gradually Releasing Stress Around Excavation Regions in Soil Media and the Effect of Liners Installation Time on Tunneling”; Geotech. Geol. Eng. 2020, 38, 2213–2225.##
[21]  Tavakoli, R.; Kamgar, R.; Rahgozar, R.; “Optimal Location of Energy Dissipation Outrigger in High-Rise Building Considering Nonlinear Soil-Structure Interaction Effects”; Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng. 2020.##
[22]  Baziar, M. H.; Rabeti Moghadam, M.; Gholipour, S; “Numerical Investigation of Gravity and Reinforced Soil Wall Performance Under Blast Loading,”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol. 2012, 3, 259–267 (In Persian).##
[23]  Toy, A. T.; Sevim, B.; “Numerically and Empirically Determination of Blasting Response of a RC Retaining Wall Under TNT Explosive”; Adv. Concr. Constr. 2017, 5, 493–512.##
[24]  GuhaRay, A.; Mondal, S.; Mohiuddin, H. H.; “Reliability Analysis of Retaining Walls Subjected to Blast Loading By Finite Element Approach”; J. Inst. Eng. Ser. A. 2018, 99, no. 95–102.##
[25]  Foglar, M.; Hajek, R.; Fladr, J.; Pachman, J.; Stoller, J. “Full-Scale Experimental Testing of the Blast Resistance of HPFRC and UHPFRC Bridge Decks”; Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 145,  588–601.##
[26]  Abeysinghe, T. M.; Tanapornraweekit, G.; Tangtermsirikul, S.; Pansuk, W.; Nuttayasakul, N. “Performance of Aramid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels Under Blast Loads”; Fourth Asian Conf. on Defence Technology-Japan 2017, 1–6.##
[27]  Yoo, D. Y.; Banthia, N. “Mechanical and Structural Behaviors of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Subjected to Impact and Blast”; Constr. Build. Mater. 2017,  149, 416–431.##
[28]  Dusenberry, D. O. “Handbook for Blast Resistant Design of Buildings”; John Wiley & Sons, 2010.##
[29]  Ngo, T.; Mendis, P.; Gupta, A.; Ramsay, J. “Blast Loading and Blast Effects on Structures: An Overview”; Electron. J. Struct. Eng. 2007, 7, 76–91.##
[30]   Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC 3-340-02) “Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explotions”; US Department of Defence, Washington DC. 2008.##
[31]  Abaqus/Explicit V6.13. “User Manual”; Providence, RI, USA. Abaqus Inc. DS Simulia. 2013.##
[32]  Kwan, A. K. H.; Chu, S. H.; “Direct Tension Behaviour of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Measured by a New Test Method”; Eng. Struct. 2018, 176, 324–336.##
[33]  A. C. I. Committee and I. O. for Standardization; “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary,”; 2008.##
[34]  Belarbi, T. H. A.; “Constitutive Laws of Concrete in Tension and Reinforcing Bars Stiffened by Concrete,”; Struct. J. 1994, 91.##
[35]  Helwany, S. “Applied Soil Mechanics With Abaqus Aapplications”; John Wiley & Sons, 2007.##
[1]     Smith, S. J.; McCann, D. M.; Kamara, M. E. “Blast Resistant Design Guide for Reinforced Concrete Structures”; Portland Cement Association, 2009.
[2]     Mays, G. C.; Hetherington, J. G.; Rose, T. A. “Response to Blast Loading of Concrete Wall Panels With Openings”; J. Struct. Eng. 1999, 125, 1448–1450.
[3]     Lok, T. S.; Xiao, J. R. “Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Panels Exposed to Air Blast Loading”; Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Build. 1999, 134, 319–331.
[4]     Mosalam, K. M.; Mosallam, A. S. “Nonlinear Transient Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Subjected to Blast Loading and Retrofitted With CFRP Composites”; Compos. Part B Eng. 2001, 32, 623–636.
[5]     Li, J.; Wu, C.; Hao, H. “Investigation of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Slab and Normal Strength Concrete Slab Under Contact Explosion”; Eng. Struct. 2015, 102, 395–408.
[6]     Wang, W.; Zhang, D.; Lu, F.; Wang, S. C.; Tang, F. “Experimental Study on Scaling the Explosion Resistance of a One-Way Square Reinforced Concrete Slab Under Close-in Blast Loading”; Int. J. Impact Eng. 2012, 49, 158–164.
[7]     Wu, C.; Oehlers, D. J.; Rebentrost, M.; Leach, J.; Whittaker, A. S. “Blast Testing of Ultra-High Performance Fibre and FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Slabs”; Eng. Struct. 2009, 31, 2060–2069.
[8]     De Silva, R. V.; Pathegama Gamage, R.; Perera, A.; Samintha, M. “An Alternative to Conventional Rock Fragmentation Methods Using SCDA: A Review”; Energies. 2016, 9, 958-989.
[9]     Luccioni, B. M.; Luege, M. “Concrete Pavement Slab Under Blast Loads”; Int. J. Impact Eng. 2006, 32, 1248–1266.
[10]  Kamgar,R.; Shams, G. R. “Effect of Blast Load in Nonlinear Dynamic Response of the Buckling Restrained Braces Core”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol.2019, 9, 107–118 (In Persian).
[11]  Lezgi, L. M.; Izadifard R. “Evaluation of Nonlinear Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames Designed According to Earthquake Codes and Subjected to Blast Loading”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol. 2017, 8, 201–212 (In Persian).
[12]  Kamgar,R.; Majidi, N.; Heidarzadeh, H. “Optimum Layout of Mega Buckling-Restrained Braces to Optimize the Behavior of Tall Buildings Subjected to Blast Load”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol. 2020, 11, pp. 211–230 (In Persian).
[13]  Tavakoli, R.; Kamgar, R.; Rahgozar, R. “The Best Location of Belt Truss System in Tall Buildings Using Multiple Criteria Subjected to Blast Loading,”; Civ. Eng. J. 2018, 4, 1338–1353.
[14]  Sadrnejad, S. A.; Ziaei, M. “Behavior of Beam-Column Bolted End-Plate Connections Under Blast,”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol. 2013, 4, 93–101(In Persian).
[15]  Wang, W.; Zhang, D.; Lu, F.; Wang, S.; Tang, F. “Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of the Damage Mode of  Square Reinforced Concrete Slab Under Close-in Explosion”; Eng. Fail. Anal. 2013, 27, 41–51.
[16]  Jain, S.; Tiwari, R.; Chakraborty, T.; Matsagar, V. “Dynamic Response of Reinforced Concrete Wall Under Blast Loading”; Indian Concr. J. 2015, 89, 27–41.
[17]  Tavakoli, R.; Kamgar, R.; Rahgozar, R.;“Seismic Performance of Outrigger-Belt Truss System Considering Soil-Structure Interaction,”; Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng. 2019, 11, 45–54.
[18]  Kamgar, R.; Khatibinia, M.; “Optimization Criteria for Design of Tuned Mass Dampers Including Soil-structure Interaction Effect”;Int. J. Optim. Civil Eng. 2019, 9, 213–232.
[19]  Kamgar, R.; Gholami, F.; Sanayei, H. R. Z.; Heidarzadeh, H.; “Modified Tuned Liquid Dampers for Seismic Protection of Buildings Considering Soil-Structure Interaction Effects”; Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 2020, 44, 339–354.
[20]  Heidarzadeh, H.; Kamgar, R.; “Evaluation of the Importance of Gradually Releasing Stress Around Excavation Regions in Soil Media and the Effect of Liners Installation Time on Tunneling”; Geotech. Geol. Eng. 2020, 38, 2213–2225.
[21]  Tavakoli, R.; Kamgar, R.; Rahgozar, R.; “Optimal Location of Energy Dissipation Outrigger in High-Rise Building Considering Nonlinear Soil-Structure Interaction Effects”; Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng. 2020.
[22]  Baziar, M. H.; Rabeti Moghadam, M.; Gholipour, S; “Numerical Investigation of Gravity and Reinforced Soil Wall Performance Under Blast Loading,”; J. Adv. Def. Sci. Technol. 2012, 3, 259–267 (In Persian).
[23]  Toy, A. T.; Sevim, B.; “Numerically and Empirically Determination of Blasting Response of a RC Retaining Wall Under TNT Explosive”; Adv. Concr. Constr. 2017, 5, 493–512.
[24]  GuhaRay, A.; Mondal, S.; Mohiuddin, H. H.; “Reliability Analysis of Retaining Walls Subjected to Blast Loading By Finite Element Approach”; J. Inst. Eng. Ser. A. 2018, 99, no. 95–102.
[25]  Foglar, M.; Hajek, R.; Fladr, J.; Pachman, J.; Stoller, J. “Full-Scale Experimental Testing of the Blast Resistance of HPFRC and UHPFRC Bridge Decks”; Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 145,  588–601.
[26]  Abeysinghe, T. M.; Tanapornraweekit, G.; Tangtermsirikul, S.; Pansuk, W.; Nuttayasakul, N. “Performance of Aramid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels Under Blast Loads”; Fourth Asian Conf. on Defence Technology-Japan 2017, 1–6.
[27]  Yoo, D. Y.; Banthia, N. “Mechanical and Structural Behaviors of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Subjected to Impact and Blast”; Constr. Build. Mater. 2017,  149, 416–431.
[28]  Dusenberry, D. O. “Handbook for Blast Resistant Design of Buildings”; John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
[29]  Ngo, T.; Mendis, P.; Gupta, A.; Ramsay, J. “Blast Loading and Blast Effects on Structures: An Overview”; Electron. J. Struct. Eng. 2007, 7, 76–91.
[30]   Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC 3-340-02) “Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explotions”; US Department of Defence, Washington DC. 2008.
[31]  Abaqus/Explicit V6.13. “User Manual”; Providence, RI, USA. Abaqus Inc. DS Simulia. 2013.
[32]  Kwan, A. K. H.; Chu, S. H.; “Direct Tension Behaviour of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Measured by a New Test Method”; Eng. Struct. 2018, 176, 324–336.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[33]  A. C. I. Committee and I. O. for Standardization; “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary,”; 2008.
[34]  Belarbi, T. H. A.; “Constitutive Laws of Concrete in Tension and Reinforcing Bars Stiffened by Concrete,”; Struct. J. 1994, 91.
Helwany, S. “Applied Soil Mechanics With Abaqus Aapplications”; John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
Journal of Advanced Defense Science & Technology
Volume 11, Issue 4 - Serial Number 42
January 2021
Pages 369-382

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History

  • Receive Date: 11 January 2020
  • Revise Date: 06 August 2020
  • Accept Date: 05 September 2020
  • Publish Date: 21 December 2020

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