Simulation of Hydrogen Cyanide Domain Pollution Determination and Assessment of Its Consequences for Different Scenarios in Various Atmospheric Conditions

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Imam Hossein University

Abstract

The aim of this study is construction of graphs of concentration versus time at different distances from the primary pollution place of the HCN agent and also the production of well tabulated data for the amount of HCN released at different distances and heights from the location of primary pollution using the PHAST software. At different distances from the primary pollution place and 2 meters height from the ground, the maximum concentration of HCN was due to neutral weather condition. With increasing the distance from 2 meters above the ground, the concentration of HCN decreased while the duration of contamination in area increased. At a certain distance from the primary pollution place, with increasing the height, the concentration of HCN increased. The results of this study indicate that the neutral weather condition is the worst condition for defensive protection actions, because there was a higher concentration of HCN in the region, and the duration of contamination has also been higher.

Keywords


[1]     Khateri, S. “An Open Wound: Consequences of the Use of Chemical Weapons against Iran during the Iran-Iraq War”; Society for Chemical Weapons Victims Support SCWVS. Tehran Peace Museum, 2009.##
[2]     Hiltermann, J. R. “A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja”; Cambridge University Press, 2007.##
[3]     Timmerman, K. R. “The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq After the Gulf War”; Houghton Mifflin, 1991.##
[4]     Khan, F. I.; Abbasi, S. “Major Accidents in Process Industries and an Analysis of Causes and Consequences”; J. Loss. Prev. Process Ind. 1999, 12, 361-378.##
[5]     Langari, M.; Shamohammadi, E.; Rashtchian, D. “Consequence Modeling Analysis with PHAST and ALOHA Computer Software”; First International Conference of Inspection and Safety in the Oil and Energy Industries, Tehran, 2011.##
[6]     Reddy, K.; Yarrakula, K. “Analysis of Accident in Chemical Process Industries in the Period 1998-2015”; Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res. 2016, 9, 177-191.##
[7]     McKenna, B.; Garcia, M. M.; Gant, S.; Batt, R.; Wardman, M.; Tucker, H.; Tickle, G.; Witlox, H.; Fernandez, M.; Harper, M.; Stene, J. “Dispersion Model Prediction of the Jack Rabbit II Chlorine Experiments Using Drift and Phast”; Symposium Series No. 161, Hazards 26, 2016.##
[8]     Witlox, H.; Harper, M.; Oke, A. “Phast Validation of Discharge and Atmospheric Dispersion for Pressurized Carbondioxide Releases”; Symposium Series No. 158, Hazards 23, 2012.##
[9]     Pandya, N.; Gabas, N.; Marsden, E. “Sensitivity Analysis of Phast Atmospheric Dispersion Model for Three Toxic Materials (Nitric Oxide, Ammonia, Chlorine)”; Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 2012, 25, 20-32.##
[10]  Witlox, H.; Harper, M.; Pitblado, R. “Validation of PHAST Dispersion Model as Required for USA LNJ Siting Applications”; Chem. Eng. Trans. 2013, 31, 49-54.##
[11]  Zohdirad, H.; Ebadi, T.; Givehchi, S. “Optimization of the Calculation of Hazardous Zones Boundries for Classification Hazardous Area Using Risk-Based Approach”; Journal of Health and Safty at Work 2016, 6, 1.##
[12]  Shahedi Aliabadi, S.; Assary, M. J.; Kalatpour, O.; arei, E.; Mohammadfam, I. “Consequence Modeling of Fire on Methane Storage Tanks in a Gas Refinery”; Journal of Accupational Hygiene Engineering 2016, 3, 1.##
[13]  Holmes, N. S.; Morawska, L. “A Review of Dispersion Modeling and Its Applications to the Dispersion of Particles: An Overview of Different Dispersion Models Available”; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 5902-5928.##
[14]  Kesavkar, A. P.; Dalvi, M.; Venkatram, A.; Cimorelli, A.; Kaginalkar, A.; Ojha, A. “Coupling of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with AERMOD for Pollutant Dispersion Modeling”; Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 1976-1988.##
[15]  Zhang, Q.; Wei, Y.; Tian, W.; Yang, K. “GIS-Based Emission Inventories of Urban Scale: A Case Study of Hangzhou”; Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 5150-5165.##
[16]  Hanna, S.; Dharmavaram, S.; Zhang, J.; Sykes, I.; Witlox, H.; Khajehnajafi, S.; Koslan, K. “Comparison of Six Widely-Used Dence Gas Dispersion Models for Three Actual Railcar Accidents”; in: Borrego, C., Miranda, A. L. (eds), Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X IX, NATO Science for Pease and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 2008.##
[17]  Hanna, S.; Hansen, O. R.; Ichard, M.; Strimaitis, D. “CFD Model Simulation of Dispersion from Chlorine Railcar Releases in Industrial and Urban Areas”; Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 262-270.##
[18]  Information Base of Chemical Weapons Victims. http://www.chemicalvictims.com/HomePage.aspx?TabID=4398&Site=chemical-victims&Lang=fa-IR.##